Polymer Chemistry

Polymer Chemistry Description

1 General characterization.- 2 The macromolecular concept.- 3 Molecular weight and polymolecularity.- 4 Classification according to molecular size.- 5 Inorganic and organic polymers.- 6 Natural and synthetic macromolecules.- 1 Structural Principles.- 11 Chain structure, degree of polymerization.- 12 Copolymers.- 13 Branched and cross-linked polymers.- 14 Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.- 2 Synthesis and Reactions of Macromolecular Compounds.- 21 Synthesis of macromolecules with C-C chains through polymerization of olefinic unsaturated compounds.- 211 Radical polymerization.- 2111 Chain initiation.- 2112 Chain propagation.- 2113 Chain termination.- 2114 Kinetics of radical polymerization.- 2115 Copolymerization.- 2116 Block and graft-copolymers.- 2117 Techniques of radical polymerization.- 212 Ionic polymerization.- 2121 Ionic polymerization with quantitative dissociation of the initiator (stoichiometric polymerization).- 2122 Ionic polymerization with initiators which dissociate only partly.- 2123 Polymerization with hydride shift.- 2124 Techniques of ionic polymerization.- 213 Polymerization with complex catalyst systems.- 2131 Stereochemistry of vinyl polymers.- 2132 The mechanism of polymerization with complex initiators.- 214 Other methods for the synthesis of macromolecules with carbon-carbon chains.- 22 Synthesis of macromolecules with heteroatoms in the chain.- 221 Polycondensations and polyadditions.- 2211 Polyesters and polyamides.- 2212 Other polycondensations.- 2213 The technique of polycondensation.- 2214 Polyaddition.- 222 Polymers from heterocyclic compounds and formaldehyde.- 2221 Lactam polymerization with water.- 2222 The anionic polymerization of caprolactam.- 2223 The polymerization of N-carboxyl-amino acid anhydrides.- 2224 The polymerization of monoisocyanates.- 2225 The polymerization of cyclic ethers.- 2226 Polyformaldehyde.- 23 Enzymatic synthesis.- 231 Synthesis of polysaccharides.- 232 The enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids.- 2321 Structure of DNA.- 2322 Synthesis of DNA.- 2323 DNA as the carrier of genetic information.- 233 Enzymatic protein synthesis.- 234 The biosynthesis of natural rubber.- 24 The stepwise synthesis of proteins.- 241 The Merrifield Procedure.- 25 Graft-copolymers and block-copolymers.- 251 Synthesis of graft-copolymers.- 2511 Graft copolymerization by means of radicals.- 2512 Preparation of graft-copolymers with the aid of functional groups.- 2513 Graft-copolymers through copolymerization.- 252 Preparation of block-copolymers.- 26 Purification of polymers.- 27 Chemical transformation of polymers.- 271 Degradation reactions (chain scission).- 2711 Degradation from the chain ends (unzipping).- 2712 Statistical chain degradation (random scission).- 2713 Chain degradation through hydrolysis.- 272 Reactions without chain scission.- 2721 Aging phenomena.- 2722 The degradation of Polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyacrylonitrile at elevated temperature.- 2723 Reactions along the polymer chain.- 2724 Reactions at the chain end.- 3 The Properties of the Individual Macromolecule.- 31 Molecular weight.- 311 Polymer analogous conversion.- 312 Molecular weight determination.- 3121 The end group method331.- 3122 The osmotic method.- 3123 The light-scattering method.- 3124 Determination of the molecular weight through sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge and diffusion measurements.- 3125 Molecular weight determination by viscometry.- 313 Molecular weight distribution.- 3131 The distribution curve.- 3132 Determination of the distribution curve by means of fractional precipitation.- 3133 Other methods of fractionation.- 3134 Theoretical derivation of the distribution function (Schulz-Flory distribution).- 3135 Molecular weight averages.- 32 The form of the macromolecule (molecular shape).- 321 The ideal statistical coil (random coil).- 3211 The quantitative description of the statistical coil with the aid of random flight statistics.- 3212 The dependence of the coil diameter (Math)and the coil density on the molecular weight M.- 3213 The geometric shape of the coils.- 3214 The problem of solvent streaming through the coil (draining).- 322 The real statistical coil.- 3221 Space filling and energetic interaction.- 3222 Experimental determination of coil properties.- 4 States of Macromolecular Aggregation.- 41 Intermodular forces and aggregation (association).- 42 The macromolecular solution.- 421 The dissolution process.- 422 The dilute solution.- 423 The viscosity of dilute solutions.- 4231 The Einstein viscosity law for macromolecular solutions.- 4232 Viscosity changes resulting from density changes of the coils.- 424 Concentrated solutions and gels.- 4241 Dependence of the viscosity on the velocity (shear) gradient.- 43 The gel state.- 431 Character, properties, and significance of gels.- 4311 Plasticized Polyvinylchloride as a thermo-reversible secondary valence gel.- 4312 The mechanical properties of gels.- 4313 Characterization of gels.- 4314 The significance of gels in nature.- 432 Structure of supercritical solutions and gels.- 4321 The individual coil structure model (ICS model).- 4322 Deformation of gel and rubber.- 4323 Chain entanglement.- 4324 Incompatibility of polymer mixtures.- 44 The rubber-elastic state (viscoelasticity).- 441 Rubber-elasticity (viscoelasticity) of melts of macromolecular compounds.- 4411 Rubber-elasticity and relaxation.- 4412 Thermoplastic deformation.- 442 Rubber-elasticity of cross-linked polymers.- 4421 The elongation of rubber-elastic materials.- 4422 Rubber-elasticity normal elasticity510.- 45 The solid state.- 451 The glassy state.- 4511 The mechanics of elastomers and glasses.- 452 The crystalline state.- 4521 Crystallization, chain-folding.- 4522 Morphological structures.- 4523 Spiral form of the chains (helix structure).- 4524 Fiber structure.- 4525 Cold drawing.- 4526 Morphological structures of natural polymers.- 4527 The fiber diagram.- 453 Structure and properties in the solid state.- 4531 Structure and softening temperature with glassy polymers.- 4532 Structure and properties of crystalline polymers.- 4533 The property combination: hard and tough.- 4534 Impact-resistant polymer blends.- 4535 Foams.